Analisis Dampak Mobile Banking Terhadap Transformasi Struktur Ketenagakerjaan Di Sektor Perbankan Indonesia Periode 2020-2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57093/metansi.v9i2.626Keywords:
intensitas tenaga kerja, mobile banking, struktur ketenagakerjaanAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak adopsi mobile banking terhadap transformasi struktur ketenagakerjaan di sektor perbankan Indonesia periode 2020–2024. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan regresi data panel tidak seimbang (unbalanced panel) yang mencakup tujuh bank umum besar dengan 29 observasi bank-tahun. Data dihimpun dari laporan tahunan, laporan keuangan publikasi, dan materi paparan analis masing-masing bank, serta data makroekonomi Badan Pusat Statistik. Struktur ketenagakerjaan diukur dengan intensitas tenaga kerja, yaitu jumlah pegawai per Rp1 triliun aset, sedangkan adopsi mobile banking diukur dengan logaritma jumlah pengguna terdaftar. Berdasarkan uji Chow, uji Lagrange Multiplier, dan uji Hausman berbasis regresi (Mundlak), model terbaik adalah Fixed Effect Model dengan galat baku robust terklaster. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas tenaga kerja seluruh bank sampel menurun selama periode penelitian, sementara jumlah pengguna mobile banking meningkat antara 36% dan 351%. Adopsi mobile banking berkoefisien negatif terhadap intensitas tenaga kerja (β = −3,266), tetapi belum signifikan secara statistik (p = 0,156). Pengaruh tersebut menjadi signifikan setelah variabel ROA yang berkolinearitas tinggi dikeluarkan dari model (β = −4,284; p = 0,036), dan mobile banking juga berpengaruh negatif pada taraf 10% terhadap kepadatan jaringan kantor. Ukuran bank dan inflasi berpengaruh negatif signifikan, sedangkan BOPO, ROA, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak signifikan. Model menjelaskan 79,03% variasi intensitas tenaga kerja di dalam bank (R² within). Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa mobile banking mendorong transformasi ketenagakerjaan secara bertahap melalui restrukturisasi kanal layanan dan peningkatan skala usaha, bukan melalui substitusi tenaga kerja secara langsung
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